Conclusions Evolution of the Double Calculation of Binary Neutron

Effect of sources evolution on - distribution and
-test

We conventionally assume a flat Universe so that , with and being fractional contributions of matter and cosmological constant term (Carroll et al., 1992).[27] The present value of the Hubble constant is assumed to be 75 km s Mpc . The GRB were considered as standard candles with a proper luminosity L and have a power-law spectrum with a spectral index s=1.5 (Schaefer et al., 1992).[172] Briefly, the count rate at the detector from a source at a redshift z is

where is a metric distance (see Carroll et al., 1992).[27] The number of events, N(>C), with an observed count rate exceeding C is thus

The source evolution n(z) can easily be obtained using the evolutionary Green function: and the dependence t(z) for a particular cosmological model.

Figure 55 shows the ``Green functions'' for the double compact binary merging rate  evolution assuming no collapse anisotropy.  A very strong early evolution with time is seen; however, even for an elliptical galaxy  the NS+NS merging rate is 1 per yr for an age of yr. The non-monotonic character of the merging rate evolution is due to different contributions of different type binaries (by initial masses, separations and types of first mass exchange); as the detailed shape is of less importance for us now, we postpone discussing these interesting features to a separate paper. We should, however, note that a small decrease in the coalescence  rate observed at the age of about 4 billion years is statistically significant and is caused by contributions of evolutionary different types of NS+NS binaries (they originate from different ranges of initial mass ratios and semi-major axes). This feature can produce a notable decrease in the - curve slope at the corresponding . Thus, if the drop in sources production rate after 4 billion years from the beginning corresponds (for the flat Universe), somewhat surprisingly, just to the feature visually seen in both second and third BATSE  catalog - curves; however, it would be prematurely to take the apparent feature seriously due to its low statistical significance. Another way that diverse peculiarities in the - distribution induced by the sources evolution could arise is connected with a possible non-monotonic character of the star formation rate in galaxies.

 

Figure 55: Temporal evolution of NS+NS (filled circles) and NS+BH (open circles) coalescence  rates calculated for binaries and normalized to a model elliptical galaxy with baryonic mass    (Lipunov et al., 1995e).

For a spiral galaxy  with constant star formation rate our calculations give a binary NS coalescence  rate of the order of 1 per 5000 yr only slightly depending on the initial mass ratio spectrum and assumptions about massive core collapse anisotropy.  This rate is close to the most ``optimistic'' estimates based on evolutionary considerations (Lipunov et al., 1987a,[120] 1995a,e;[125] Tutukov and Yungelson, 1993a;[196] van den Heuvel, 1994).[205] In our calculations, we used a smoothed evolutionary function assuming the star formation to occur during the first 500 Myr in elliptical galaxies,  and constant in spiral galaxies.  In fact, the results proved to be only weakly sensitive to the smoothing over time provided that it is less than 1 billlion years (the width of the wide peak of the Green function; see Figure 55).

Our theoretical models depend on three unknown parameters, , , , as well as on s. The calculated - distributions were compared with the BATSE  data by using the Mises-Smirnov test (which gives essentially the same results as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, but uses a more smooth criterion for comparing observed and tested distribution functions; see Bol'shev and Smirnov (1965)).[22] Figure 56 shows two-dimensional cuts through the parameter space. All three cuts show contour lines for confidence level according to test higher than 90 percent, with the maximum level being at 95 percent in all planes.

 

Figure 56: Confidence level contour lines (90 percent, 91 percent, ...) for test in the plane at (a), in the plane for (b) and in the plane for (c). A flat cosmological model and GRB spectral index s=1.5 with the source evolution as in Figure 55 is adopted. 

The calculated - distributions are plotted in Figure 57 for different star formation starting times . Other parameters are fixed at the best-fit values and . The most prominent feature of the theoretical - obtained is a notable sharp increase at low count rates due to evolutionary effects. In terms of -test, such a turn-up of the - curve would lead to a sharp increase of the average values when weaker sources (i.e. farther sample limits) are taken into account (Figure 58). The curves turn out to be most sensitive to the parameter and depend only slightly on other parameters. We also note that a flatter GRB spectral index s=1 would favour earlier initial star formation and changes the - curves more at lower .

 

Figure 57: - diagram simulated for sources evolving as shown in Figure 55 in a flat cosmological model with the best-fit vacuum energy and parameter .  (Lipunov et al., 1995e).

 

Figure 58: Dependence of the differential -test on sample limit redshift z for different epochs of the primordial star formation   (Lipunov et al., 1995e).

If cosmological binary NS coalescences  does underly the GRB phenomenon, late epochs of initial star formation in galaxies ( ) would be inconsistent with the already existing BATSE  data.

Conclusions Evolution of the Double Calculation of Binary Neutron